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Al-Baqara
Sūrat al-Baqarah ((アラビア語:سورة البقرة), "The Cow") is the second and longest chapter (Surah) of the Qur'an.〔Salwa M. S. El - Awa, Introduction to ''Textual Relations in Qur'an'', pg. 1. Part of the ''Routledge Studies in the Qur'an'' series. London: Routledge, 2005. ISBN 9781134227471〕 It is a Medinan sura (revealed to Muhammad when he was at Medina), with the exception of verse 281 which Muslims believe was revealed during The Farewell Pilgrimage.〔Mahmoud Ayoub, ''The Qurʾan and its interpreters'', pg. 55. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984. ISBN 9780791495469〕 It is also considered to be one of the first chapters revealed after the Hijra from Mecca to Medina.〔Felicitas Meta Maria Opwis, ''Maṣlaḥah and the Purpose of the Law: Islamic Discourse on Legal Change from the 4th/10th to 8th/14th Century'', pg. 296. Volume 31 of Studies in Islamic Law and Society. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2010. ISBN 9789004184169〕 The chapter comprises 286 verses (ayat) according to the division of Ali, the most widely accepted count among all Muslim denominations,〔 and includes the single longest verse in the Qur'an (2:282).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Physical Aspects of the Noble Qur'an )〕 The surah's name references verses 66–72 which recall the story of a heifer sacrificed by the Israelites.〔
Surah al-Baqarah enjoins fasting on the believer during the month of Ramadan.〔Michael Binyon, ''Fighting is 'allowed' during the holy month of fasting'' The Times, 18 December 1998〕
==Background==
Al-Baqarah is the longest surah of the Quran, having 286 verses. According to Muslim belief, this Medinan Surah was not revealed at once to Muhammad, but the various Islamic social circumstances and conditions is discussed among verses. Verse 281 is believed by Muslims to have been revealed during The Farewell Pilgrimage in Mecca.〔 It is also considered to be one of the first chapters revealed after the Hijra from Mecca to Medina.〔
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